This output work can be harnessed to drive secondary utilization components such as a generator or a pump, or other devices dependent on rotary work output for their operation.

Schottky barriers can be reduced and output work of the transition can be adjusted.

Provided are compositions having high conductivity and high work-function.

The dummy word lines are fabricated from a metal with a work function favoring p-channel devices.

This semiconductor device is further characterized in that the work function of the third metal is between 4.2 and 5.0 eV, inclusive.

In response to exposing the metal layer to the gaseous atmosphere with thiol molecules, the work function of the metal layer is increased.

Preferably, the most etch-resistant layer (70) is N-doped diamond which has a nearly zero work function.

The work function is also important in the theory of thermionic emission.

The metal films and lines can have low resistivity and work function similar to pure metal.

The amino group reacts with the CO2 and forms carbamate, whereby the electron affinity of the material changes.