The present disclosure describes economical and energy efficient solar absorbing thin- film devices having enhanced electron mobility produced by processes including spray pyrolysis, pre-sintering, and/or photonic flash sintering.

The receiving chamber (10) is surrounded by an electric heating unit (24) for heating the dental elements (14) to a pre-sintering temperature.

The deposited frit loop is then heated by electromagnetic energy to evaporate organic constituents and to densify the frit in a pre-sintering step.

Primary abrasive and first bond material are compacted to shape a vein preform which is presintered in a vein mold to produce a green vein.

Upon removal of the binder the binder-free solid geometry is raised to a temperature where the metal pre-sinters together into a three-dimensional rigid matrix with interconnected porosity to form a solid precursor.