The axle is comprised of a tubular beam body that encloses a cavity.

A vehicular bumper system includes a tubular beam and an energy absorber press-fit within the tubular beam.

A FRP-concrete-steel double-wall combined tubular beam and a beam-plate combined structure using the same are provided.

The male part projects out from the tubular beam (12, 14, 16, 18), thereby causing the local deformation of the vent duct (20, 22, 24, 26).

A bumper system (20) for vehicles includes a tubular beam (21) having front (22), top (23), bottom (24), and rear (25) walls, and further having open tubular ends.

Mounts engage a rear of the flattened end sections, and fasteners secure the tubular beam and energy absorber to the mounts.

The mounted assembly means consist of at least one fixing member (8) comprising a male part which co-operates with, or is click-locked in a hole in the tubular beam (12, 14, 16, 18) so as to be fixed therein.

The steel inner pipe (12) may be eccentrically set toward a tension side of the combined tubular beam (10) with respect to the FRP outer pipe (11).

For stabilization, the traversing plate (9) has, on one side, a tubular beam (14) arranged at a distance, which tubular beam is rigidly connected to the traversing plate (9) at the ends of the tubular beam.

At least one fastener extends through the cavity and through the fore and aft walls to secure the first and second mount components to the tubular beam body.

In another modified bumper system, offset ends of the tubular beam fit into a recess in an energy absorber, with its center section being between vehicle mounts.