The value of the second electrical polarization field (E2) differs from that of the first electrical polarization field (E1).

In some cases, the electrically-polarizable region is able to retain its polarization state in the absence of an external electric field.

The electrically-charged membrane can further include a polymeric electret material that is electrically poled.

An electrical bias device is operably connected to the substrate and configured to apply a substrate bias.

An optical waveguide (11) includes a region (22) which, after electrical poling of a guiding region (16), maintains an internal electric field induced by the poling potential.

The solar cell assembly comprises a front surface electrical bias activated by electrical energy generated by the solar cell assembly.

A radio-frequency bias system (180b) generates an electrical bias on the substrate at a frequency less than 5 MHz .

The polarization can be reversed by applying an external electric field.

The electrical polarization can be reversed by applying an external electrical field.

The polarization can be reversed by applying an external electric field.

The electrical polarization can be reversed by applying an external electrical field.

Electrodes are formed on the electrically polarized elements and the remnant electrical polarization generates an electrical potential on the electrodes.

A power supply device and system have an electrically polarized element in which a remnant electrical polarization is formed and retained.

The polarization vector P is defined as the ratio of electric dipole moment per unit volume.

Depending on electrical bias and optical lighting, the user can either chemically etch the sample, or measure its electrical capacitance with a reverse bias.