Both an intermediate pupillary plane (25) that is conjugate to the image plane and an intermediate field plane (27) that is a Fourier transform of the image plane lie between the object plane (6) and image plane (8).

These image an object field (4) in an object plane (5) into an image field (8) in an image plane (9).

One predetermined orientation can be that the image plane of the camera being parallel to the image plane of the lens.

Each of the frequency image plane regions may be an angular segment radiating from the origin of the frequency image plane.

The frequency image plane of the first (unknown) frequency image is devided into a plurality of frequency image plane regions.

In this projection optical system, the object plane is parallel to the image plane.

There are no lenses with a strongly curved concave surface directed towards the image plane between the pupil surface and the image plane.

The diaphragm is fixed relative to the image plane.

Each voxel image is arranged in an image plane of a prescribed size and one integrated image (258) is generated (S16).

An array of detectors is mounted in an image plane.

The location of this template image within the second image defines the optical center, or principal point, of the camera's image plane.

The projection optics (156) project an image of the first image plane (194) onto a diffuse surface (158).

Light from the illumination source is passed through the material and focusing the ordinary mode on an image plane and defocusing the extraordinary mode relative to the image plane.

Behind said image plane (19), which contains scattered light from said cells, is a telescope (21) which makes an image of said field stop (17) in a plane (23).

The optical device forms an image at an image plane located between the optical device and a projection lens.