A dual-elastic moduli method of material's load deformation curve where the primary line being very short is disclosed.

The apparatus comprises: a curve adjusting module, a first conversion module and a second conversion module.

A derivation module determines a derivative response curve based on the biological response curve.

The system includes a curve fit module that determines a curve fit function for a data set.

Each module (14a) includes a curved row of angulated turbine vanes (16) held between a curved base plate (18) and a curved outer plate (20).

A peak identification module searches the derivate response curve to identify a peak in the biological response curve.

The XY reference curve math module provides the reference curve for XY recorder.

The FFT reference curve math module provides the reference curve for FFT display.

The key generation module (60) may include a point-modification module (70) as part of an elliptic curve module (74) for creating and processing keys (68).

The decoder comprises a special decision-making module for evaluating the amplitude profile of the correlation functions.

The toner includes a binder resin, a coloring agent, and at least one additive, and a storage modulus curve of the toner with respect to temperature has multiple inflection points.

E is called elastic constant or modulus of elasticity.

After using curve-translating method, a complementary line is scribed and its elastic modulus is defined.

Young's Modulus is the gradient of the stress-strain curve.

Control units (3), which are each associated with a PV module, are used to measure the voltage profile and/or the current for each PV module (1).