Ageism by the employer or employee constitutes a major barrier that older workers face in the labour market.

The poverty and other barriers for migrant and seasonal farmworkers generally result in substandard living and working conditions.

This partly reflects legal obstacles for workers classified as self-employed, for whom the right to bargain collectively may be seen as infringing competition law.

Other obstacles to organizing that domestic workers face include their isolation in private homes, lack of time off, low levels of education, and insecure immigration status.