The acidic group is preferably a sulfonic acid group, a phosphonic acid group or a carboxylic acid group.

The organic super acid may comprise an acid group such as a sulfonic acid group or a carboxylic acid group.

One aspect of the present invention relates to ionic liquids comprising a pendant Bronsted-acid group, e.g., a sulfonic acid group.

The composition for forming a microlens upper film contains a polymer having at least one acid group selected from the group consisting of a carboxylic acid group, a sulfonic acid group and a phosphoric acid group.

The anionic group is preferably a sulfonic acid group, a carboxyl group, a phosphoric acid group or a phosphonic acid group, and the coupling agent preferably contains an epoxy group in a molecule.

Compounds having a cyclopentadiene skeleton and at least one sulfonic acid group are novel.

In one embodiment the prepolymer is limited by the requirement that the pendent acid group of the hydroxylated compound is a sulfonic acid group.

The catalysts are a polymer containing sulfonic acid groups in which the carbon atoms alpha and beta to the sulfonic acid group are perfluorinated or are bonded to perfluoroalkyl groups.

The ion exchange group comprises at least one of a sulfonic acid group, a carboxyl group, a quaternary ammonium group, and an amino group.

It is preferable that the aryl group is a phenyl group and the proton exchange group is a sulfonic acid group.

This compound has a fluorene backbone including a sulfonic acid group or a derivative thereof.

Specifically disclosed is a polymer electrolyte composed of a polymer sulfonic acid having a side chain wherein aromatic rings having a sulfonic acid group are linked by electron-withdrawing linking groups.

The anion-modified polyvinyl alcohol is preferably a polyvinyl alcohol modified with a carboxyl group or a sulfonic acid group.

The ratio of the sulfonic acid group contained in the polymer (A) is 0.005-1.0 mmol/g.

The anchor layer (2) contains at least one kind of resin that has a carboxyl group, a sulfonic acid group, an amino group or a hydroxyl group.