The ion flux is preferably applied as an ion beam at a glancing angle of incidence.

The ion flux has an energy level between 3.6eV and 250eV.

Systems and methods for calculating ion flux.

The ionic energy used for implantation should range between 10 and 100 keV, the ionic current should range between 1017 and 1018/cm2.

An ion collector collects the ions from the second ion stream, where the resulting reference current is used to determine the total pressure of the gas.

The ionic flow increases in strength and concentration when in proximity to the narrow end.

The magnets include a north pole and a south pole oriented to induce the ionic flow.

An ion stream is supplied into a quadrupole ion guide operated at elevated pressure with a buffer gas.

The thin-film solar cell layer is exposed to an ion flux to passivate a defect.

Either poles face inwardly from the array to induce an ionic flow.

The device comprises an ion selective sensor, an incorporated passive flux of the ion and biological recognition element.

Successive applications at constant current can be deposited, while varying the voltage of the ion stream (44).

An important lock is to be able to convert important ionic flux into electric current.

The current of the source of the ion stream should be sufficient to provide a thin film coating that has substantially no porosity.

A process and device are disclosed for regulating the course of combustion in an internal combustion engine by ion stream measurement.