th charge species is described by the Boltzmann distribution,

According to Boltzmann’s distribution law, this probability is given by:

The distribution is essentially motivated from the Boltzmann distribution of statistical physics.

The Boltzmann distribution would be inverted, and the temperature therefore negative.

For instance, it comes up in the derivation of the Boltzmann Distribution in statistical mechanics.

If there are g(E)dE states with energy E to E+dE, then the Boltzmann distribution predicts a probability distribution for the energy:

If there are g(E)dE states with energy E to E+dE, then the Boltzmann distribution predicts a probability distribution for the energy:

If there are g(E) dE states with energy E to E + dE, then the Boltzmann distribution predicts a probability distribution for the energy:

If there are g(E) dE states with energy E to E + dE, then the Boltzmann distribution predicts a probability distribution for the energy:

By Boltzmann distribution formula one can calculate the relative population in different rotational energy states to the ground state.

With these assumptions, the concentration of the j {\displaystyle j} -th charge species is described by the Boltzmann distribution,

As a consequence the two energy states are now no longer populated equally, but according to the Boltzmann distribution.

The Boltzmann distribution is often expressed in terms of β=1/kT where β is referred to as thermodynamic beta.

The Boltzmann distribution is often expressed in terms of β=1/kT where β is referred to as thermodynamic beta.

The Boltzmann distribution is often expressed in terms of β = 1/kT where β is referred to as thermodynamic beta.