The channels are formed at least in the direction normal to the main surface of the drift regions.

This results in nett plating which is faster in a direction normal to the surface of the cathode than in a direction in a plane of the surface of the cathode.

The polycrystalline abrasive layers (90) and the arresting layers (100) are arranged to alternate throughout the tool body in a direction normal to the top cutting surface (92) and in a direction normal to a flank surface (94).

Each of the plurality of external lugs has a height in a direction normal to the outer surface.

The reflective surface is nominally positioned relative to the radiation source such that the radiation travels in a direction normal to the reflective surface.

The microlenses on the top surface of the plate increase lumen output in a direction normal to the top surface of a wavelength-converting plate.

The light guide plate is shaped such that the farther from the light entrance surface, the greater the thickness of the plate in the direction normal to the light exit surface.

Seen from the direction normal to the main surface of the drift region, multiple insulator gate units have line patterns parallel to each other.

The central area is configured to cover the reaction regions, while the recessed area is offset from the central area in a direction normal to the inner surface.

The \cos\theta factor appears since we are considering the radiation in the direction normal to the surface.

The porous alumina layer (20) comprises recesses (22) each having a two-dimensional size not smaller than 10 nm but not greater than 500 nm when viewed in the direction normal to the surface.

Preferably, the press member (20) has a rectangular shape along the scribe line (S) when viewed from a direction normal to the principal surface (Gb).

The anodic oxide film (12a) has a reverse moth eye structure comprising multiple recesses (12p), the two-dimensional size of which when viewed from the surface normal direction is from 10 nm to less than 500 nm.

This is directed perpendicular (normal) to the surface.

The direction of the crystal axis with respect to the direction of the normal on the element surface of either of the two double refraction elements and the thickness in the direction of the normal on the element surface are corrected.