The attenuating and scattering elements placed in series so that radiation transmitted through the reference member passes through each of the attenuating and scattering elements.

The detected intensity is corrected using the calculated radiation scatter pattern.

The radiation delivery module may also include a radiation source translator (18) so that the radiation spot moves in a direction generally perpendicular to the length of the radiation spot.

Each communicator modulates and re-radiates the received transmission using back-scatter.

Decreasing solar radiation: WEB ( and an insignificant decrease in net solar radiation ).

Quantities describing diffusion of the multiply scattered radiation are preferably measured at a plurality of distances between source and receiver and a plurality of frequencies.

The scattering of radiation causes atmospheric cooling, whereas absorption can cause atmospheric warming.

Diffusion of radiation: Numerous equipment allowing to characterize the dimensions and the structure of materials and systems.

A backside-illuminated photodetector is disclosed which enables to sufficiently reduce the package size and is capable to suppress scattering of light to be detected.

A source of attenuation in which light rays are scattered by fluctuations in the refractive index of the fiber material....

They affect the absorption, scattering and emission of radiation within the atmosphere and at the Earth’s surface.

Back-scatter re-radiation keeps the communicator design simple and allows for very sensitive receiver design in the controller.

They influence processes in the atmosphere such as absorption and scattering of solar radiation that determine our climate.

A shutter (30) shielding the radiation source (10) is also used to backscatter radiation.

The exponential distribution is a special case of Weibull distribution often used to study the scattering of radiation or wind speed.