Evolution of the ring current energy during may 2-4, 1998 magnetic storm... We trace protons with arbitrary pitch angles numerically in the guiding center approximation taking into account charge-exchange losses....
Tunable quantum fluctuation-controlled coherent spin dynamics...points.Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures included; including detailed discussions on thermal effects, trapping potentials and spin exchange losses....
Financial fragility and currency crises... Although exposure to foreign exchange losses and dependence on the exchange rate as a nominal anchor both raise the cost of (and resistance to) devaluation, this has relatively little effect in the presence...
Fiscal and quasi - fiscal deficits, nominal and real : measurement and policy issues... Important points giving rise to different definitions are the problem of foreign exchange losses, the appropriateness of including net government lending to the private sector and the distinction between nominal and real deficits....
