The heteroatom is preferably at least one kind selected from the group consisting of oxygen atoms, nitrogen atoms, sulfur atoms, phosphorus atoms, tin atoms and silicon atoms.

Suitable precious metal precursors consist of precious metal atoms, hydrogen atoms, oxygen atoms and optionally carbon atoms.

Fluoropolymer binders such PVDF are made up of carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms and fluorine atoms.

The number of Ni atoms is at least 67% of the total number of Ni atoms and Si atoms.

Cold-atom systems and methods of handling cold atoms are disclosed.

The number of Ni atoms is from 87% to 92%, inclusive, of the total number of Ni atoms and Si atoms.

The content of zinc atoms ranges from 3 to 20 atom% based on the total of indium atoms and zinc atoms.

A plasma chamber confines a volume of excited atoms generated by the excited atom source.

The nanoparticle includes a plurality of platinum atoms and a plurality of atoms from a stabilizing metal.

loss of atoms from the trap

The metal silicide phase is formed of silicon atoms and at least two kinds of metal atoms.

With respect to zinc atoms, 2.0‑8.0 atom% of silicon atoms is included.

A vapor of neutral atoms is generated.

The concentration of the fluorine atoms in the modified portion (5a, 26a, 28a) is lower than that of the nitrogen atoms.

Some molecules, such as proteins, can contain thousands of atoms.