effective depth of hardening after flame or induction hardening

Superficial heating of medium-sized mechanical parts.

Superficial, localized heating in precise, limited areas.

Consequently, to increase the efficiency, thermal energy radiated rearwards by the surface heating element is used by being stored.

To detect excessive surface heating, a thermal device is placed on the skin.

The inventive method for the surface hardening of metals and alloys involves fast heating and cooling of a surface layer where the superficial heating of a hardened surface is carried out by friction of a treated surface with hard powder particles.

A heating device is presented for surface heating of a body so as to maintain a required temperature of the body.

Lower surface heating of the panels during installation compared to traditional graphite panels

The mitigation is in the form of very localized surface heating, sufficient to overcome driving internal stresses, and in the form of disruption of coherent electrical potential basis present in the material.

Surface heating of the skin is carried out by exposure to infrared rays, and radio wave radiation heats deeper tissues.