Public-key authentication, based on public key cryptographic techniques, is utilized to authenticate a person opening an account.

The determination of a unique starting unicast encryption key for each pre-shared key authentication.

The determination of a unique starting unicast encryption key for each preshared key authentication.

The person provides a declaration to use only public-key authentication and a copy of his/her public key to an authorized agent, such as a credit bureau.

The person provides a signed request to open an account with a merchant based on public-key authentication.