An incident angle calculation unit (108) calculates an incident angle for each pixel.

An incident angle estimator (18) estimates an incident angle of incidence of the vehicle with the outer boundary.

The incident angle variably controlling means is so configured as to change the incident angle of the reference beam (R) from a large angle to a small angle.

Each waveguide is associated with a respective, single incident angle.

The security element appears black when viewed at orthogonal angle, and colored when viewed at grazing angle.

Retroreflected light retroreflected by the cholesteric liquid crystal is observed at an incident angle of 0° to 30° to the retroreflective material and not observed at an incident angle of 45° or more.

The substantially specular reflector has a first average reflectance Ro in the visible at a substantially zero incident angle and a second average reflectance R45 in the visible at a substantially 45 degree incident angle.

The angle of the light enlarged and projected on the screen.

The transmitted X-ray beam can be directed at an angle of incidence upon a crystal analyzer.

The laser beam is converted to a plane beam or a conical beam by controlling an incident angle of the laser beam incident on the cylindrical prism.

The slab is disposed in a wind flow that has a non-zero incident angle with one of the opposed dominant faces.

The multipath disruptions are removed to calculate the true incident angle of the transmitted signal at a base station.

The full-width half-maximum intensity of the illumination is within about +/- 10 degrees of the central ray at incident angle θ2.

An image pick-up lens of short overall length in which various aberrations are well corrected and incident angle to the image plane is controlled.

This suppresses the occurrence of a color mixture due to the arrival of light at the element isolation with a large incident angle.