The token comprises out-of-band token communication means set to validate user authentication by establishing a communication channel between the token and the server, the communication channel bypassing the browser.

A system may forward to a network device an advertisement label mapping message that requests an establishment of an active performance monitoring (APM) control channel.

After a voice traffic channel has been established, but prior to the use's speaking, the ambient noise energy level and the incoming signal level, when speech is detected, are measured.