The value of the roughness RZ(S) is 1.0 to 3.0 μm.

It is capable of being polished to a roughness of less than 6 micro inches Ra.

Preferably, this wetting angle is less than 20° and the casting surface has an Arithmetic Mean Roughness Value (Ra) of less than 10 microns.

The dim structure has an average peak-to-valley height ranging from 20 nm to 2000 nm and a correlation length of 200 nm to 50,000 nm.

Because of that, we prefer to use the areal surface roughness value Sa which we easily get with Alicona.

In one aspect, a substrate stack can include a substrate layer having at least one surface with an RMS roughness value that is greater than 9 nm.

The casting surface has an Arithmetical Mean Roughness Value (Ra) of less than 5 microns and the induced vibratory movement preferably has a frequency of no more than 20 kHz.

As an alternative, or in combination, an enlargement treatment can be provided to the surface re¬ sulting in a 10 % surface increase and a roughness value Sa of 0.5-10 μm.

The average roughness (Ra) value of the one of the main faces (1a) of the substrate (1) is preferably 0.01 nm to 3.0 nm inclusive, more preferably 0.01 nm to 0.5 nm inclusive.

The surfaces to be coated are roughened, whereby a defined average roughness value and a surface distribution of peaks and troughs of the roughened surface are set at approximately 50-50 %.

The method includes providing a substrate (2201) comprising a cleaved surface (2404) over an oxide surface or interface (2305), which is characterized by a predetermined surface roughness value.

A socket (52) has an exterior surface with a surface roughness RA value of less than or equal to 100 microns is connected to the electrode within the chamber for receiving the carrier body.

The invention relates to a waterproof membrane comprising a barrier layer made of a thermoplastic material.

The barrier layer has an arithmetic mean roughness value Ra of 0.01 - 0.8 µm in accordance with DIN EN ISO 4287: 1998-10 on the upper face.