The provisions of this Title shall apply to direct actions within the meaning of Article 1.

In direct actions, applicants may choose the language of the case.

Unlike the rules applicable to direct actions, that possibility is however made subject to the express authorisation of the President of the Court.

Diagram showing the forms of action brought before the Court of Justice of the European Communities: direct actions, references for a preliminary ruling and appeals.

On account of its adversarial nature, the written part of the procedure in direct actions follows stricter rules.

The court will refuse to accept direct appeals if the person did not prove that he/she has tried to submit an appeal to a superior institution.

Simplified diagram showing the procedure for direct actions brought before the Court of Justice of the European Communities.

The rules relating to direct actions, actions in the field of intellectual property and appeals therefore constitute the framework of these Rules.

However, a distinction must be drawn between, first, references for preliminary rulings and, second, other actions (direct actions and appeals).

In direct actions within the meaning of Article 1 of the Rules of Procedure, the maximum number of pages [3] shall be as follows

In addition to direct recourse and appeal to international agencies, African citizens are exploring alternative options.

The written part of the procedure in an appeal is similar in many respects to the conduct of that part of the procedure in direct actions.

ISDS allows Canadian investors to seek remedies directly for violations of investment protection obligations.

The stipulations above also apply in favour of our lawful representatives or employees in reference to claims made directly against them.

24 The only possible remedies would be direct actions, if the United Kingdom were to revoke its notification and trigger a dispute with the other Member States and the EU institutions.