The secondary gas is exhausted from the first and second secondary exit openings at a flow rate sufficient to displace water surrounding the ionized plasma exiting the central exit opening of the torch to inhibit quenching of the ionized plasma.

The plasma source comprises an inductive element (24) operable for coupling electrical energy into the processing space to create an ionized plasma therein.

A gas inlet (20) introduces a process gas into said processing space (14) and a plasma source is operable for creating an ionized plasma in the processing space from process gas introduced therein.

The workpiece is submerged in water while the plasma torch is operated in closely space relationship with the workpiece to direct the ionized plasma upon the workpiece.

When matter is heated to very high temperatures, it turns into a plasma.

In particular, the nozzle provides angular/conical impingement of a fluid (e.g., a shield gas) on an ionized plasma gas flowing through a plasma arc torch.

Apparatus (10) for generating an ionised gas plasma flame for use in medicine, particularly for cauterisation, is described.

The re-entrant plug (52) may be of various lengths, diameters and shapes to displace and shape the ionized plasma (48).

Furthermore, there is a rare form of electromagnetic energy called an “ionized plasma vortex,” also known as ball lighting, involved with these formations.

Furthermore, there is a rare form of electromagnetic energy called an “ionized plasma vortex,” also known as ball lighting, involved with these formations. (source)

Furthermore, there is a rare form of electromagnetic energy called an “ionized plasma vortex,” also known as ball lighting, involved with these formations. (source)

Due to the short duration, the high intensity (⊃1012W/cm2) associated with the interaction converts the material directly from the solid-state into an ionized plasma.

There is also a rare form of electromagnetic energy called an “ionized plasma vortex,” also known as ball lighting, involved with these formations.

The particle source is configured to control pulse widths of the ionized plasma in order to control an intensity of the beam of particles.

There is also a rare form of electromagnetic energy called an “ionized plasma vortex,” also known as ball lighting, involved with these formations.