Hall sensors of phase C1, phase D1, phase C2 and phase D2 are arranged at positions respectively 60° away from the hall sensors of phase A1, phase B1, phase A2 and phase B2.

In some examples, activating light causes the mixture to transition from an isotropic phase to a nematic phase, from an isotropic phase to a cholesteric phase or form a nematic phase to a smectic phase.

An operating cycle occurs several times daily in the SU tank, which comprises a stirring phase (R phase), a pre-settling phase (V phase) and a discharge phase (A phase).

A phase modulating unit (13) phase-modulates the phase signals and outputs phase modulation signals.

A phase single value is measured for each phase, a normalized phase value for each phase is determined, and a normalized phase ratio is then determined.

For each phase, a phase to phase voltage is produced by determining a difference between a pair of phase to neutral voltages.

Crystalline phase area ratio (%)={crystalline phase area/(crystalline phase area+glass phase area)}×100

When three phases are formed, the upper one is a solvent phase, the middle one is a phase rich in organic acid, and the lower one is a salt phase rich in other components.

The cermet comprises a hard phase, a bounding phase, and a strengthening phase.

  A phase modulator (12) generates a phase-modulated signal obtained by phase-modulating the phase component signal.

A phase detection circuit (7) detects the phase information, and further a phase inversion circuit (9) performs phase inversion processing.

Short trap circuits are connected either phase-to-phase or phase-to-neutral.

A phase plate (20a) and a phase plate (21a) are +λ/4 phase plates, and a phase plate (20b) and a phase plate (21b) are -λ/4 phase plates.

The valve has a filling state, a filled state, a metering state, and a dispensing state.

The apparatus may also be provided with a cleaning station, a drying station, a lacquering station and a curing station.