The poly(amine)s derivatives ca n be prepared in a covalently bonded or ionically bonded form.

Ion binding can be both selective and reversible.

The polymer moieties have a valence orbital bond to the carbonaceous particulate, such as an ionic or covalent bond.

If there is a metal in the bond, the bond is ionic.

This is due to weaker forces of attraction in a covalent compound than in an ionic compound.

A hydrophylic article for use in aqueous environments, including a substrate, an ionic polymeric layer on said substrate, and a disordered polyelectrolyte coating ionically bonded to said polymeric layer.

Ionic compounds (those formed from metals and non-metals)

Ionic bonds result from high electronegativity differences.

Hydrogen can participate in both ionic and covalent bonding.

The inventive oligosaccharide chitosan contains 57.0-92.0 mass % oligosaccharide chitosan, 2.3-3.7 mass % ion-bound acetic acid, the rest being ion-bound substance comprising acid groups.

Ionic bonds form when the electrons completely exchange between atoms.

An extreme difference forms an ionic bond, while a lesser difference forms a polar covalent bond.

One atom essentially takes the bond electrons from the other atom, forming an ionic bond.

If the electronegativity difference is greater than 2, it is an ionic bond.

The disclosure provides one or more particles of bioactive glass coated with a glycosaminoglycan, which is bound to the bioactive glass through an ionic or a covalent bond.