The collector (15) has at least one normal mirror collector subunit (23) comprising at least one mirror (23) for normal incidence.

The reflectivity at normal incidence could be up to -17 ~ -25 dB at resonant frequency.

Note that this principle only holds strictly for light reflected at normal incidence.

The filter is transmissive to the laser light at normal incidence, but reflective at shallower angles of incidence characteristic of the backscattered light.

The film (104) transmits light of the visible band with a wavelength between about 420 and 650 nm at normal incidence (116).

In the case of normal incidence, the effective focal length is half of the radius of curvature.

Also disclosed is an optical measuring system, comprising the polarizing broadband spectrometer with normal incidence containing a reference light beam.

The apparatus includes a probe having one of a variety of cross-sections configured to decrease the ratio of normal-incident waves to shallow-angle waves.

The albedo of water, from light high in the sky (normal incidence), is low -- approximately 10 percent.

All the colorimetry measurements given in Tables 2 and 4 were carried out at normal incidence.

Spectral reflectance curves for aluminium (Al), silver (Ag), and gold (Au) metal mirrors at normal incidence.

The films can be made to be clear at normal incidence to an arbitrary designed color at an oblique angle of incidence without necessarily becoming cyan.

The front reflector (12) has a blue sloped transmission spectra, at normal incidence with a range among bin values from 15% to 100%.

The handedness of polarized light is also reversed when it is reflected off of a surface at normal incidence.

The films however provide no substantial reflection bands (32a) in either the visible or near infrared regions for light normally incident on the film.