For it must be remembered that the error of the second kind is a double error: if there is an innocent man languishing in prison, there is also – probably – a criminal still at large.

If the differences are in opposite directions from one table to another we could therefore conclude that there is independence while there is dependence in each table (Type II error).

The type II error or beta is less studied but is of great importance.

The type II error or beta is less studied but is of great importance.