In one aspect, the reducing carbon is provided by elemental carbon, preferably in particulate form such as graphites, amorphous carbon, carbon blacks and the like.

So, the molecule known as calcium carbonate contains elemental calcium, elemental carbon, and elemental oxygen.

In another aspect, reducing carbon may also be provided by an organic precursor material, or by a mixture of elemental carbon and organic precursor material.

Further, the invention enables collection of elemental carbon contained in carbon-containing particles and production of high-purity carbon mixtures through short-time purification.

Preferably, the protective coating comprises on the layer(s) containing the hydrophobic carbon compound one or more layers of refractory material which are substantially free of any elemental carbon or organic carbon compound.

Where the fuel contains or pyrolizes to elemental carbon, the reaction C + 202- → CO2 + 4e- may occur at the anode.

Expanded Graphite is a kind of elemental carbon of elemental carbon.

The composition contains not more than 1 % by weight of elemental carbon.

The molten lithium contains elemental carbon, that is, free carbon atoms.

TIC "The carbon contained in water; elemental carbon, total carbon dioxide