Such constructs are particularly useful in the formulation of naked DNA vaccines which use plasmid DNA.

The invention is a 'humanized' polynucleotide vector vaccine which uses covalent closed circular plasmid DNA, 'naked DNA', to express target antigens.

Naked DNA may be administered directly to mucosa, for instance in saline drops, or in a recombinant gene expression vector.

Said DNA markers are preferably used for establishing digital, standardizable DNA signatures.

Transfection may be accomplished ex vivo or in vivo by direct injection of virus or naked DNA, or by a nonviral vector such as a plasmid.

The gene responsible for a recessively transmitted genetic disease as described above is usable in the form of a virus vector or a naked DNA.

A method of making a redirected T cell expressing a chimeric T cell receptor by electroporation using naked DNA encoding the receptor.

In this application is described a poxvirus naked DNA vaccine which protects animals against poxvirus challenge comprising IMV and EEV nucleic acids from poxvirus.

Transfection may be accomplished in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo by direct injection of virus or naked DNA, or by a nonviral vector such as a plasmid.

The invention encompasses the introduction of naked DNA encoding bioactive agent(s), whose expression stimulates and otherwise facilitates the repair and regeneration of cartilage.